DID U KNOW the opium poppy, scientifically known as Papaver somniferum, has a rich history in Macedonia, where it is often referred to as the “Black Gold.” This nickname is not just a poetic expression; it signifies the high quality and value of Macedonian opium in the global market.
The cultivation of opium poppy in Macedonia dates back to ancient times. By the Middle Ages, Macedonian fields were brimming with this valuable crop. The opium produced here was traded extensively, with Jewish merchants transporting it via the Vardar River from ports in Veles and Rosoman to Thessaloniki, from where it was distributed worldwide. An interesting anecdote suggests that the first opium seeds in Macedonia were introduced in 1835 near Štip, concealed inside the barrels of guns. The news about this intriguing plant spread rapidly, leading to vast fields blanketed with its blossoms in the Tikveš and Rajac valleys. Historical records indicate that by 1880, the Vardar River valley produced 70 tons of opium. This production surged to 79 tons of raw opium by 1894.
Macedonia’s opium was renowned for its superior quality. The opium from regions like Kavadarci, Strumica, and Veles contained the highest morphine percentage, while those from Prilep and Kočani were slightly inferior. The Macedonian opium, owing to its fertile soil and river sediments, was among the best in the world, containing 17-22% morphine. It is believed that Macedonia produced the finest quality opium because of ancient cross-breeding practices aimed at enhancing its quality.
A testament to its global reputation, Macedonian opium is considered the highest quality in the world, with 14 morphine units. In comparison, the second-best, from Pakistan, contains 7 morphine units, followed by others with smasevenler differences. For instance, Colombian opium has about 3.5 morphine units.
The opium poppy has deep roots in Macedonia’s agricultural and trade history. Its superior quality, resulting from the country’s favorable geographical and climatic conditions, has earned it the title of “Black Gold.” While opium cultivation was a significant part of Macedonia’s past, it’s essential to note that its production was eventually prohibited. Nonetheless, the legacy of the Macedonian opium poppy remains a testament to the country’s agricultural prowess and its significant role in the global opium trade.
